Employment Opportunities For Job Jobs - 1861 Words

{{Volunteer|Helper|Unpaid} {Jobs|Work|Employment Opportunity|Job Openings} That Will {Land You|Result In|Give You} A {Full Time Job|Permanent Job|Regular Employment}| {Using|Exploiting|Making Use Of} {Volunteer|Helper|Unpaid} {Jobs|Work|Employment Opportunity|Job Openings} To {Get|Obtain} {Full Time Employment|Full Time Job|Permanent Job|Regular Employment}| {Changing|Replacing|Substituting} Your {Part Time Job|Temporary Employment|Side Job|Unpaid Job|Volunteer Job} Into {Full Time Employment|Full Time Job|Permanent Job|Regular Employment}} {The need for gainful employment is only offset by the lack of enough opportunities in the job sector|Only when one begins to search for a job, does one realize how difficult it is to get one|Getting employment that pays well is difficult and one comes to know of this when one searches for one}. {Once you have attained a certain age, you must begin your career hunt|This stage in life comes eventually for everyone|One must get a job to get on with life}. {Here are some volunteer jobs that will land you a full time job|Let us gather a group of jobs that you begin part time while looking for permanent placements|You can see in this article how one may keep doing voluntary work and check on the opportunities for regular job postings}. {First, you are not out there to do social service|You have to remember that you are not donating your time and effort|When you begin, keep in mind that the work you do is having a purpose}. {The job you landShow MoreRelatedImproving the Employment Rate1408 Words   |  6 Pagesonly problem was that the employment rate barely budged from 3 years leading up to 2013. 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The Australian Employment Covenant (AEC), this education program aims to ensure a workforce for indigenous Australians securing 50,000 sustainable jobs. This is to make sure theRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesStates has faced many challenges with equal employment opportunities for everyone. The United States has developed The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, also known as the EEOC, to enforce laws that help prevent everyone from being treated unfairly when it comes to employment options. The EEOC has established stipulations and overlooks all of the federal equal employment opportunity regulations, practices and policies (â€Å"Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination Questions and Answer s†). SomeRead MoreImpact Of Small And Medium Sized Businesses On Jobs And The Economy1602 Words   |  7 PagesBusinesses on Jobs and the Economy Name: Institution: Outline 1. Introduction Introduces the discussion and gives a thesis statement 2. Discussion Explores the contribution of SMEs to the economy, gives detailed statistics from various academic sources. It also offers an explanation of the impact of the 2008 financial crisis to the SMEs contribution to the economy in regards to employment 3. Conclusion Wraps up the discussion The Impact of Small and Medium Sized Businesses on Jobs and theRead MoreGoodwill Analysis Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagesnon-profit organization that provides training, employment assistance, and education to those experiencing difficulty entering the job market due to lack of education, proper training, or disabilities. A central agency coordinates the activities of over 200 independent regional branches. Most of Goodwill’s revenue is generated through the sale of donated items at its retail stores, which number over 2,000. These revenues are used to fund its employment and educational services. Goodwill IndustriesRead MoreGallery Place Plaza And Maritime Plaza1259 Words   |  6 Pagesand monitoring the. 3.2 Experience Managing Employment Centers and Specialty Career Centers In 2012, LSC was contracted to launch and subsequently manage DC Water and Sewer Authority’s hiring initiative, DC Water Works!, formerly known as the DC Water Opportunity Center and three (3) Satellite Opportunity Centers. As a prelude, LSC was tasked with drafting and implementing an interim employment program and subsequently drafting a permanent employment program. Upon the establishment of the initiativeRead MoreThe Elimination Of Poverty Today s Society1051 Words   |  5 Pagesnew jobs with higher pay. One way poverty can be eliminated is to educate the population for employment opportunities and with financial knowledge. Numerous teenagers drop out of school every year without obtaining their high school diploma. This diploma is the minimum requirement for the majority of all jobs. Parents, schools and the government need to offer additional incentives to keep children in school in order to seek higher education and additional employment opportunities. LawsRead MoreImpact Of Climate Change Policy On Employment Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesImpacts of climate change policy on employment Temperatures are reaching a new high, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events, such as drought, flooding, are taking place. It is not a forecast anymore; greenhouse gases are intensifying the global warming. In 2013, 81.2% of the energy consumption in the world are produced by fossil fuel (International Energy Agency). Could you imagine how much greenhouse gases are produced? Ever since 1980s, scientist has found thatRead MoreCriminal Justice System Label Affects Fender1528 Words   |  7 Pagesthe community, and to prepare the offender to gain skills to obtain a job. Offenders spend a hard time trying to look for an employment, but the criminal justice system label affects the offender. There are many factors that affect the offender while trying to look for employment: criminal background, race, education, skills, and the social factors. Labeling the offender clearly minimize the opportunity of obtaining employment, as a result the increase if prob ability of recidivism is higher for offendersRead MoreInformation That Is Valuable For The Public About Their Business Operations1494 Words   |  6 Pagesgive details of any job opportunities that may be available and a detailed description of the tasks that each job opportunity requires. Some things that may be included in the job posting could be level of education, skills needed and may offer a salary scale, which usually depends on experience. Companies should create job boards that are require uncomplicated applications, give detailed descriptions of what kind of candidate they are looking for, make it optimized for mobile job seekers, and give

The Effect Of Task Switching And Their Effects On...

Abstract This paper explores a published article that reports on results of Task Switching and Their Effects on Cognitive Processes with in an individual’s mind when asked to do something. This article addresses the shifts in between cognitive tasks, the reaction time and error time based on the task switch. This article also addresses how to decrease the chance of error by giving a chance of having an individual prepare beforehand. This paper will examine Monsell’s (2003) research in relation to how Task Switching is fully understood and what effects on the brain for the individual switching task and its cognitive process. As well as the analysis of participants which conducted this experiment and the materials that were used for this experiment. In this analysis there was 100 total trials where 50% contained Odd/Even trails and the other 50% contained Magnitude trials. All the trials were randomized and the participants pressed the correct key when the intended targets were di splayed in the middle of a PC screen. There was a significant difference between the one independent variable and the two dependent variables. Introduction Task Switching and Their Effects on Control Processes Throughout life people are faced with task switching. From typing on the computer to switching to write something down or even talking to acknowledge someone, the cognitive process helps you change and react on the situation at hand. Task Switching is the ability to shift attentionShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Task Switching And Their Effects On Cognitive Processes1330 Words   |  6 Pagesresults of Task Switching and Their Effects on Cognitive Processes with in an individual’s mind when asked to do something. This article addresses the shifts in between cognitive tasks, the reaction time and error time based on the task switch. This article also addresses how to decrease the chance of error by giving a chance of having an individual prepare beforehand. This paper will examine Monsell’s (2003) research in relation to how Task Switching is fully understood and what effects on the brainRead MoreBilingualism Is The Ability By Individuals1208 Words   |  5 Pagesrecent research shows that being bilingual or multilingual positively affects cognitive abilities. The ability to learn one language while using another increases the likelihood that the individual’s brain will have better task switching and attention capacities than the brain of a monolingual person. Bilingual children have a better ability to adjust to environmental changes. Likewise, bilingual adults experience less cognitive decline as they advance in age. Bilingualism is positively correlated toRead MoreEssay on The Psychological Effects of Stroke in Older Adults1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe Psychological Effects of Stroke in Older Adults Elderly people are continuously faced with the debilitating effects of the aging process. Age-related diseases are part of the aging process that put the elderly population at risks for physical, mental, and social incapacity in dealing with their everyday functioning. However, more than the external deleterious consequences of these diseases are the psychological ramifications that they have to older adults that are worth investigating. CerebrovascularRead MoreBilingualism Is Harmful And Interferes With Healthy Development2515 Words   |  11 Pagesmeasured by intelligence tests† (Goodenough, 1926, p. 393). The assumption that bilingualism is harmful and interferes with healthy development has been since debunked by research findings indicating exposure to two languages from birth enhances cognitive function (Bialystok, Craik, Luk, 2012). Although similar misguided perceptions have not vanished completely from our society and many educators and clinical practitioners cont inue to advise parents against exposing their children to multiple languagesRead MoreCentral Executive Functioning1021 Words   |  4 PagesFunctioning Working memory is the immediate memory for the finite amount of material an individual is processing at the moment. This memory capacity allows an individual to keep information attainable and active in order to use them in various cognitive tasks. Working memory is similar to the outdated term known as short- term memory. According to the working memory approach proposed by Baddeley (1996), this immediate memory is a multipart system consisting of four components known as the phonologicalRead MoreThe Internet Makes Us Shallow1309 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneral use† and that because we have become so accustomed to using it, we have been subject to its effects on our cognition and comprehensive depth (Carr 116). The Internet has become an essential part of society without which we seemingly can’t function; although, because of it, our functionality has suffered. Throughout his argument, Carr very thoroughly supports his claim of the Internet’s effects on the human brain citing numerous experiments and much experimental data on the subject. His argumentRead MoreMulti Tasking Persuasive Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Multi Tasking Most students have a hard time handling their time wisely. If you are like most students, your workspace looks something like this: A cluttered room piled high with papers, textbooks, and binders. You likely have a television, a cell phone, an Mp3 player, a laptop, a video game console (or two), and a DVD player. You’re playing music, have the TV on, and are surfing the internet with your textbook perched on your lap. There’s probably an open bag of chips and a sodaRead MoreDifferent Study Designs When Investigating Cognitive And Neural Ageing Using Neuroimaging1604 Words   |  7 Pages1. There are various advantages and disadvantages of different study designs when investigating cognitive and neural ageing using neuroimaging. Several theories of cognitive ageing have been based on cross-sectional designs where there is a common understanding that multifarious age studies can lead to a better understanding of the propinquity among age-related processes (Hofer , Sliwinski and Flaherty, 2002). This method is proven to be cost effective, renders quick results, and is theRead MoreArgument Analysis of Brain, Interrupted, by Bob Sullivan and Hugh Thompson 777 Words   |  4 PagesTECHNOLOGY affecting the brain. On May 3, 2013, The New York Times had posted an article discussing the poor effects that can happen to the brain if you are multitasking and being interrupted. There have been claims from numerous Universities suggesting that multitasking can deaden our brain. Sullivan and Thompson give us the insinuated results that if one wishes to accomplish two or more tasks at once, they will not reach the maximum capacity of success that the brain offers to them. Research on thisRead MoreShort-Term Memory: The Second Stage in Memory Processing 1436 Words   |  6 Pages26, 2010 Short-Term Memory The short-term memory is the lead to our long lasting remembers. Short-term memory is the second stage in the memory processing (Huffman). The short-term memory is the part of the memory that temporarily stores and processes information from the sensory memory and holds it until it decides if the information will be sent to the third stage or long-term memory (Huffman). The short-term memory stores a mixture of perceptual analyses information (Huffman). The short-term

Trader Joes free essay sample

I believe one of the â€Å"must have† managerial skills for a Store manager of Trader Joe’s is leadership. Leadership is very critical and important; it is the ability to motivate other employees towards common goals, like providing great costumer service or building an effective work team. Basically, employees will follow the lead of a store manager and if the skills of the manager are effective, it will result in successful performance of the department. Also, a good leader is always looking for new ways to make improvements inside or outside the store. Even though store managers may face difficult situations or need to handle problems with employees, it is important to make a decision based on the information, stick with it and deal with the consequences. Some of the risks that international ownership and global events pose for Trader Joe’s performance efficiency are political and economical. Trader Joe’s has to follow political changes, because they won’t be able to operate effectively when the government has a negative impact on individuals in certain countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Trader Joes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, they need to be aware of countries financial responsibilities. If a country is not able to meet those obligations, or has negative effects on interest rates or exchange rates, it will be difficult to make international business. Furthermore, in today’s world there is an environmental risk such as natural disasters or environmental pollution that could damage global business as well. There are some important keys a team leader has when raising up to a manager role. One of them is communication. A team leader needs to be able to communicate well to the workers, so they believe in the message and can follow instructions clearly. Additionally, he or she will make an extra effort to step in when more help is needed. It is also essential to build teamwork and have a great attitude towards difficulties among employees and changes in the work environment. If a team leader can create a balanced work atmosphere for everybody, this will result in a better and more active work. Trader Joes free essay sample How does Trader Joe’s design jobs for increased job satisfaction and higher performance? â€Å"Trader Joe’s has designed jobs to increase job satisfaction by showing appreciation in providing more benefits to their employees than other chain grocers. They provide starting benefits including medical, dental, and vision insurance, company-paid retirement, paid vacation, and a 10% employee discount, Pg. w-100. † Traders Joes also recruits people with certain personality traits that the company wants in their stores. They are able to enrich their employees with knowledge of their products that they are selling, as well as inducing customer involvements. As a result, they are able to have higher job performance because they are able to train and nurture their employees to have the same values and philosophy as the company, as well as granting supreme employee benefits. 2. In what ways does Trader Joe’s demonstrate the importance of each responsibility in the management processplanning, organizing, leading and controlling? For Trader Joe’s, they are able to demonstrate the importance of each responsibility in the management process by establishing a plan to serve quality products with natural ingredients, inspiring flavors, and buying direct from the producer whenever possible, pg. We will write a custom essay sample on Trader Joes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page w-99. They also organize their stores to limit its stock, carrying about 1,500 to 2,000 products compared to retail mega-markets with 25,000 to 45,000 products. Through leading, Trader Joe’s support their future leaders by hiring managers only from within the company. Future leaders enroll in training programs called, Trader Joe’s University that foster in them the loyalty necessary to run stores according to both company and customer expectations, pg. w-100. Lastly, Trader Joe demonstrated the responsibility in controlling by placing standards to sell natural based ingredient products, as well as striving to offer the highest quality type foods. 3. Describe the methods that show Trader Joe’s knows the important of human capital. One method that shows Trader Joe’s knows the important of human capital is the fact that they encourage employees to taste and learn about the products they are selling and sharing their experiences with their customers. By doing so, Trader Joe’s adds value to their employees. Secondly, Trader Joe’s hires managers only within the company, partly because they know the system inside and out. Their knowledge of how their system works is the human capital, because an outside manager would not have he experience and in depth knowledge as would the person who was hire within the company. 4. Explain the value chain as it pertains to Trader Joe’s. Trader Joe’s value chain consist of it buyers that travel all over the world in search of great tasting food and beverages to buying directly from the producer whenever possible. The company itself is part of the internal value chain where they purchase their wholesome products to their staffing in employees. Customers add value to their chain because they trust Trader Joe’s to offer the most nutritious, sustainable, and organic food, pg. w-100. 5. Research Question: What do the blogs and current news reports say? Is Trader Joe’s management benchmark for others to follow? In what areas relevant to Organizational Behavior does the firm have an edge on the competition? Current news report describes Trader Joe’s as a â€Å"trendy grocery store with cult like following,† Similar new report that Trader Joe’s are opening up a store in Florida. I do believe Trader Joe’s is a management benchment for others to follow because of their widely success that shows in their new expansion in opening new stores in different states. As more and more people are willing to purchase healthy food, I can see that business would want to incorporate some of the values Trader Joe’s has been practicing. Some of the areas relevant to OB that gives Trader Joe’s an edge in competition is being able to sell simple and exotic products that are inexpensive as well as creating a single brand that consumer has learned to trust.

Internet and Everyday Life

Introduction The Internet, otherwise referred to as the cyberspace, stands out as the most welcomed technological advancement ever to happen. Virtually every person uses it either directly or indirectly. As a result, it has become popular and a key driver of economic systems in the world mainly through globalization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Heilbroner and Bottke (2007, p.67), â€Å"An economic system is an organized way that a state allocates various resources apportioning services and goods in the state’s community†. Thus, an economic system comprises of institutions, people, relationships and rules that govern how each carries out economic practices. The main objective of an efficient economic system is to provide liberty, equality, efficiency and liberty (Conklin, 1992, p.1). In the new economic system, everyone has many opportunities of becoming a budding entrepreneur. The only requirements are for one to embrace technology, become innovative and manifest a fair deal of determination. The world has experienced unprecedented adoption of Internet into economic systems for the past few decades (Boyle, 2003, p.39). The Internet has enabled the achievement of new and more egalitarian economic systems thus providing many opportunities to the current generation that make it independent, happy, and wealthy. Supporters of this technology claim that, the Internet provides equality that results into a more democratic society (Cooke, 2002, p. 208). While many new things have come based on the advent of the Internet, the paper provides a critical analysis of how the Internet has brought forth the aforementioned new and more egalitarian economic systems. Internet and the Egalitarian economic System The Internet has uniquely influenced religion, politics, and economy by providing distinct benefits in everyda y activities. During the technological revolution, the global music industry experienced losses. However, it has now recovered. In fact, it is reaping huge returns from the Internet (Marshall Fiore, 1994, p. 26).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, the Internet has resulted into the emergence of innovative economy, coupled with a shift of power to individuals. In addition, utilization of the Internet represents an effective medium of political activism communication, particularly media control by states, which has resulted to an increase in citizen journalism (Goldsmith Tim, 2006, p, 82). Moreover, through Internet, dissemination and sharing of religious beliefs and messages is fast and effective. Thus, the Internet aids in shaping the unique construction of people’s identity, community, economy, and power in remarkable manners. Internet has provided a rev olution on how people, from all walks of life, work and live. Around the globe, innovative and motivated people have realized that the primitive ways of relaying on traditional economic systems to make a good living is unrealistic and are now living outside the cubicle by using Internet to find more secure, profitable, rewarding, and flexible opportunities. Different researches have contextualized diverse roles played by the Internet in bringing about new developments in the economy, which provide remarkable benefits to the world’s population and governments by advocating equal opportunities for all. The major economic benefits obtained from this technology revolve around democracy, identity, and empowerment (Mansell, 2004, p, 74). The Internet has changed the way people carry out economic activities. Different economic activities have emerged replacing the old practices thereby improving efficiency. As Graeme (1999, p.164) posits, â€Å"The new, egalitarian economic systems are not dominated by few, giant structures†¦they are fluid networks of smaller, efficient, and independent units†. This follows because the Internet has provided equal opportunities for all entrepreneurs to venture into the businesses of their choice. Millions of business opportunities traditionally considered as out of reach for small businesses are now easier to operate thanks to various services made available by the Internet. For businesses to succeed in the old economic systems, every person worked in big and integrated corporations, as businesses required massive investments in terms of capital and the economies of scale (Humphreys, 2008, p.167). However, the Internet has changed all these. Businesses are no longer required to perform their functions in-house and or directly hire all the required resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e Businesses now utilize outsourcing services because Internet technology has made it possible to get business work done anywhere and at anytime (Chan Lau, 2006, p, 361). This comes in handy in information businesses such as media, financial, entertainment, and education where there is no production of physical commodities (Froomkin, 2000, p. 1508). Internet has provided stiff competition in business, thus, ensuring that one gets high quality services, which commensurate with the amount paid. In the recent past, people communicated manually using messengers, traditional gadgets and letters, to state but a few. However, with the advent of Internet, communication sector has had a tremendous boost. Benefits in the communication sector The quality of communication among community members has increased at a tremendous rate thanks to the Internet. Factors such as low connection costs, low entry barriers, high speeds, and distance elimination have resulted into enormous adoption of dive rse technologies in communication (Leeder, 2007.p. 23). Various technological discourses encouraging adoption of communication technology has centered on the potential of economic systems to accelerate efforts of national development, opening up various free public spheres and equal democratic discourse, and bring about effective changes in socio-cultural aspects (Laura, 2008, p.16). On the other hand, religious devotions have improved through effective communication, which include music, words, and symbols. Consequently, different religious organizations utilize online religious messages and teachings. For instance, the Vatican uses Internet to disseminate church messages to its global members, as it views this technology as a marvelous invention and very fast communication medium (Foley, 2002, p.4). The Internet portrays different religious ideas and messages, which inspire millions of people all over the globe. Through the Internet, people stand a chance to tackle challenges such as poor communication, delayed payment, group discussions by people in different countries, amongst others in an amicable manner (Carolyn, 1998, p, 201). In turn, this has resulted to the satisfaction of all stakeholders. Further, Internet has a fair share of applications in the economic sector.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic benefits The Internet has improved the society’s economy by providing effective medium of society construction in terms of economic and social welfare. The implications of the Internet to the global economic systems are myriad. The adoption of Internet into a platform of mass-market has influenced how businesspersons interact with each other (Hongladarom, 2002, p.244). These economic states are creating many success stories every day, as they provide enormous opportunities, which are more rewarding and less strenuous. The Internet has provided enormous change in the economy in both developed and developing countries all over the world. Huff (2001, p.44) reckons that, â€Å"The presence of Internet in developing countries has provided a great transformation in commerce, and has a significant impact on governments’ conduct and development of economic affairs†. Apparently, the optimism expressed echoes the prevalent image portraying Internet as an empoweri ng and egalitarian medium. The new, egalitarian economic systems are unique, as the biggest domination comes from millions of small business instead of mega corporations. For instance, an image created by Shepard Fairey, a street artist in Los angles became ubiquitous and was spread all over the globe as it presented â€Å"hope† in 2008, during presidential campaigns for Barrack Obama (Behrens, 2010, p.74). This presented huge business venture for a single street artist. Despite the fact that the Internet presents a huge challenge to many people who lack knowledge on its uses, it has tremendous rewards to those who adopt it and make it a paramount tool in managing their economic endeavors. The information provided by the Internet is vital to the success of many entrepreneurs who seize these opportunities and make a great fortune out of them. Through the Internet, people from all over the world can involve in diverse economic activities especially thorough utilization of e-bus iness and e-payments platforms (Murray, 2006, p.41). These services provide equal opportunities to all individuals who want to venture in various economic states all over the globe. Many changes in business operations are occurring because of Internet. Politicians have benefited much based on the availability of the Internet, as they stand a chance, not only to carry out political activities, but also to share their political views with others. Political benefits The political arena has undergone many remarkable changes due to the utilization of Internet. Since 1990s, the Internet has had strong connections with emerging genres of the political activism (Flew, 2002, p 38). Internet provides pragmatic approaches of handling various challenges faced by the political systems in the world. Morris (1999, p. 29) reckons that, Internet democracy has ignored national borders and paved effective ways of personal expression. Internet has diverse unique qualities that makes its presences in th e global politics more profound and have many implications. The first quality is the Internet ability to mobilize users especially those who were not involved in politics thus increasing political activities in the world. Using distinct means, Internet mobilizes people through distribution of vital â€Å"information to all corners of the world† (Campbell, 2009, p.23). For instance, 2008 presidential campaigns in the United States utilized Internet to reach millions of citizens situated all over the world. Internet has great influence on the masses, as they stand a chance to share information easily across the globe, especially through social sites such as facebook. Another quality is the Internet ability to provide quick, high quality, and large quantity information concerning various political activities and ideologies. The Internet also provides unbiased information on available political opportunities to everyone who accesses the online services. Moreover, the ability of t he Internet to shrink distances existing between users has brought into existence new and more egalitarian political systems. Internet has rendered convectional physical distance or geography irreverent by making communication between users fast and efficient (Antulio, 2008, p. 76). This has improved political identity and power of individuals all over the world. Benefits in the music industry The music industry globalization has increased the potential of this industry largely. This globalization has increased political, economic, social, and cultural connections (Flichy, 2008, p.57). Significant changes are evident in the music industry due to music digitization and Internet development. Easy online access to music has enabled worldwide distribution of all music genres rendering intermediaries unnecessary (Shuker, 1998, p.23). There are a few challenges to this technology. As Andrew (2007, p.17) reckons, â€Å"colonization of cultural identity and public space by the multi-nation al music corporations exists, which diminishes the power of small corporations in the same industry†. However, the power of the music industry on the sharing and dissemination of talent in music has changed to record labels and independent voices of the artists. For instance, social networking sites such as MySpace and YouTube have undergone expansion illustrating paradigm shift from first media age to the second media age (Cavelty, 2008, p.68). This has made international distribution of different genres of music such as rap and hip-hop fast and effective. Conclusion Based on the expositions made in the paper, it suffices to declare Internet the backbone of every activity that is currently taking place around the globe, be it business, communication and or politics. The Internet has many benefits to everyday activities, as confirmed in the paper. For individuals who are innovative, striving to create their own niches, Internet provides endless opportunity for them to market t heir ideas as well as receiving clients from all over the globe. Through Internet, it takes few seconds for information or an advertisement to reach every part of the world. Thus, it is imperative to adopt this technology to reap maximum benefits it offers. Therefore, if the internet were to be put aside, the world would be in darkness with everything at a standstill. Reference List Andrew, M. (2007).The Regulation of Cyberspace: Control in the Online Environment. New York: Routledge. Antulio, E. (2008). Wars of Ideas and the War of Ideas. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute. Behrens, H. (2010). Globalization vibrates the 21st century. Lithaus, Berlin: Lithaus Uni- Edition. Boyle, J. (2003). The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain. Law and Contemporary Problems, 66(33): 33–75. Campbell, D. (2009). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Carolyn, M. (1998). Wh en Old Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press. Cavelty, M. (2008).Power and Security in the Information Age: Investigating the Role of the State in Cyberspace. London: Ashgate. Chan, K., Lau, T. (2006) â€Å"Are Small Business Owner/Managers Really Entrepreneurial?† Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 5(4), 359-367 Conklin. W. (1991). Comparative Economic Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cooke, P. (2002) Surfing for Eastern Difference: Ost-algie, Identity and Cyberspace. Canadian Journal of Germanic Studies, 40(3), 202–221. Flew, T. (2002). New Media – An Introduction. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Flichy, P. (2007). Internet Imaginaire. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Foley, J. (2002). Pontifical Council for Social Communications – The Church and the Internet. Web. Froomkin, M. (2000). The Death of Privacy? Stanford Law Review 52 (2000): 1461 - 1543. Goldsmith, J., Tim, W. (2006). Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World. New York: Oxford University Press. Graeme S. (1999). Global Transition: A General Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Heilbroner, L., Boettke, P. (2007). Economic Systems. The New Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 34(17), 908–15. Hongladarom, S. (2002). The Web of Time and the Dilemma of Globalization. The Information Society, 18(4), 241 – 249. Humphreys, S. (2008). Ruling the Virtual World: Governance in Massively Multiplayer Online Games. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 11(2): 149–171 Laura, S. (2008).Speech without Rights: The Status of Public Space on the Internet. The Communication Review, 11(2): 1–23. Leeder, Kim. (2007) Technology and Communication in the Environmental Movement.  Electronic Green Journal, 1(25): 19–26. Mansell, R. (2004). Political Economy, Power and New Media. New Media Society, 6(1), 96-105. Marshall, M., Fiore, Q. (1 994). War and Peace in the Global Village. New York: Simon Schuster, Inc. Morris, D. (1999).Vote.com. Los Angeles, California: Renaissance Books. Murray, W. (2006). Geographies of Globalization. New York: Routledge. Shuker, R. (1998). Popular Music – The Key Concepts. USA and Canada, New York: Routledge. This essay on Internet and Everyday Life was written and submitted by user Stella Horne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ammonium Nitrate Facts and Uses

Ammonium Nitrate Facts and Uses Ammonium nitrate is the nitrate salt of the ammonium cation. It may be considered the ammonium analog to potassium nitrate or saltpeter. Its chemical formula is NH4NO3  or N2H4O3.  In pure form, ammonium nitrate is a crystalline white solid that readily dissolves in water. Heat or ignition readily cause the substance to ignite or explode. Ammonium nitrate is not considered toxic. Options for Obtaining Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium nitrate may be purchased  as a pure chemical or  collected from instant cold packs or some fertilizers.  The compound is most commonly prepared by reacting nitric acid and ammonia. Its also possible to prepare ammonium nitrate from common household chemicals. While it is not difficult to make ammonium nitrate, it is dangerous to do so as the chemicals involved can be hazardous. In addition, it can easily become explosive when mixed with fuels or other chemicals. Ammonium Nitrate Uses and Sources Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound used in agriculture as a fertilizer, to make pyrotechnics, as an ingredient in cold packs, and for science demonstrations. Its also used to create controlled explosions in mining and quarrying. It was once mined as a natural mineral (niter) in the deserts of Chile, but it is no longer available except as a man-made compound. Because ammonium nitrate may be misused, it has been phased out in many countries.

Ptolemys Contributions to Geography

Ptolemys Contributions to Geography Not much is known about the life of the Roman scholar Claudius Ptolemaeus who is more commonly known as Ptolemy. However, he was estimated to have lived from approximately 90 to 170 CE and worked in the library at Alexandria from 127 to 150.   Ptolemys Theories and Scholarly Works on Geography Ptolemy is known for his three scholarly works: the  Almagest- which focused on astronomy and geometry, the  Tetrabiblos- which focused on astrology, and, most importantly, Geography- which advanced geographic knowledge. Geography consisted of eight volumes. The first discussed the problems of representing a spherical earth on a flat sheet of paper (remember, ancient Greek and Roman scholars knew the earth was round) and provided information about map projections. The second through seventh volumes of the work was a gazetteer of sorts, as a collection of eight thousand places around the world. This gazetteer was remarkable for Ptolemy invented latitude and longitude- he was the first to place a grid system on a map and use the same grid system for the entire planet. His collection of place names and their coordinates reveals the geographic knowledge of the Roman empire in the second century. The final volume of Geography was Ptolemys atlas,  featuring maps that utilized his grid system and maps that placed north at the top of the map, a cartographic convention that Ptolemy created. Unfortunately, his gazetteer and maps contained a great number of errors due to the simple fact that Ptolemy was forced to rely upon the best estimates of merchant travelers (who were incapable of accurately measuring longitude at the time). Like much knowledge of the ancient era, the awesome work of Ptolemy was lost for over a thousand years after it was first published. Finally, in the early fifteenth century, his work was rediscovered and translated into Latin, the language of the educated populace. Geography gained rapid popularity, and there were more than forty editions printed from the fifteenth through sixteenth centuries. For hundreds of years, unscrupulous cartographers of the middle ages printed a variety of atlases with the name Ptolemy on them, to provide credentials for their books. Ptolemy erroneously assumed a short circumference of the earth, which ended up convincing Christopher Columbus that he could reach Asia by sailing west from Europe. Additionally, Ptolemy showed the Indian Ocean as a large inland sea, bordered on the south by Terra Incognita (unknown land). The idea of a large southern continent sparked countless expeditions. Geography had a profound effect on the geographical understanding of the world in the Renaissance and it was fortunate that its knowledge was rediscovered to help establish geographical concepts that we almost take for granted today. Note that the scholar Ptolemy is not the same as the Ptolemy who governed Egypt and lived from 372-283 BCE. Ptolemy was a common name.

How effective was Khrushchevs religious policy Essay

How effective was Khrushchevs religious policy - Essay Example x Church that offered support for the war effort; in return Stalin â€Å"promised them a new deal involving the return of some churches and other institutions, a limited right of publication, and the freeing of such religious personnel as had survived the terror of the 1930s and earlier† (Anderson 1994, p. 8). Consequently, the number of registered religious communities increased considerably after the war and within no time the influence of the church posed a great threat to the state’s autonomy. It was at this juncture that a full-scale persecution of religion began in the nation under the leadership of Khrushchev who became the undisputed leader of the party and government after Malenkov retired in 1959 (Pospielovsky 1998, p. 313). This paper seeks to make a probe into the religious policy of Khrushchev and how far his policies have been effective in attaining their goals. Khrushchev adorns the place of a radical reformer and liberalist in the history of Soviet Union; despite his anti-religious policies one can never undermine his initiatives to bring about a ‘considerable degree of liberalization in many other areas of Soviet life’ and there are many who think that his assault on religion stemmed from a ‘personal commitment to the building of a communist society within the foreseeable future’ (Anderson 1994, p. 7). For Chumachenko & Roslof (2002, p. 148), Khrushchev was in a way distancing himself from church problems until the end of the 1950s and that â€Å"issues of church policy originally did not have any fixed place in his grandiose plans for reconstructing and altering Soviet society†. However, Khrushchev later turned vehemently against the Russian church as he believed that the disappearance of religion was an essential prerequisite for the creation of a total communist society. As a liberalist, Khrushchev des cribed himself as an atheist and an advocate of the scientific world view; he held that â€Å"education, scientific knowledge and the study

Creating Academic and Professional Success Essay - 1

Creating Academic and Professional Success - Essay Example A team is a collection of individuals that have unique talents and expertise. As a team they are able to exploit and share the knowledge that they possess. A team is able to assign a task to the most applicable member of the team and in doing so it makes the most advantageous use of their resources. This also allows the team members some flexibility in their role as a team member. In addition, the team allows management to assign workflow as needed. Teams can be assembled for a short period of time on an as needed basis. Teams also have the advantage of sharing a common goal. When the group shares the common goal, all work and resources are devoted to reaching the goal. This reduces redundancy and ambiguity among the workforce and makes the best use of their time. It further allows the team to direct their attention to complex problem solving as a group that an individual may not be able to accomplish. This interjects more creativity and flexibility into the workflow process. While there are many advantages, it must be remembered that teams must have the appropriate communication skills to be able to take advantage of the team structure. When using a team for decision making, the group may be guided by group-think or extreme positions advocated by powerful members. This is a major challenge to overcome to assure all team members have an equal input. Another challenge to a team is the acceptance, by its members, that responsibility and rewards are shared equally. This may face difficulties in introducing the team concept where the organizational culture is ingrained with a task oriented and individual concept. The team may have loafers that assume they can slack off and spread the responsibility out among the other members. Miscommunication or cultural differences that are misunderstood can also challenge the team. The team will be challenged to work to overcome these problems as the team matures. For Chris to deal with stress

My High School Years Essay Example for Free

My High School Years Essay We all have nice memories of when we attended high school. Memories that will never be forgotten. For most of us it has been a while since high school and it is all a blur. We all remember a lot of things, especially things that the school did and we didn’t approve of. Something that would annoy us, but we wouldn’t be able to do anything about it. The majority of us, I’m sure, don’t like the way the school handled the schedule, the food we had for lunch, or the teachers we had to listen to. One of the things that they need to change in high school is the way they handle the lunch periods. School is already hard on us because of all the homework we get and I don’t think is fair that they won’t allow us to pick our lunch period. We are all accustomed to eating at a certain time. The school would either give us lunch too early or too late. If they gave us lunch too early, we wouldn’t be hungry. In my case I would have breakfast during my study hall which was 3rd period, then I would have lunch which was 4rd period. I would have to force myself to eat or else I would be hungry the rest of the day. If we had lunch too late, we would not be able to concentrate in class because while we were working silently on our work we could hear our stomach growling, students that were sitting around us would just laugh. I remember that when that would happen to me I would start turning the pages of my book real fast so that the students around me couldn’t hear me. When I was in high school most of the students were mean and unfriendly. It was really hard to make friends, at least for me it was, and to be placed in a lunch period where you didn’t know anyone wasn’t easy. Our high school had a big cafeteria that could be divided into three smaller rooms, but they would never open up the walls. The reason for this was that there had been a huge fight once and they didn’t want any more confrontations. Each room had a name, they were named Commons A, Commons B, and Commons C. We weren’t able to pick the common in which we wanted to be in. The school, to make our life more miserable, would also give us assigned seats. One thing that I can’t complain about and that my classmates are probably going to look at me right now for saying this is the food. I went to Belvidere High School and I loved the food! I would look forward to lunchtime every day just because of the food. Till this day I have not found alfredo sauce that is as good as the one that they just to give us in high school. One thing that I would hate in high school was how they would run the schedules. They would give us too much time for one thing and not enough for another. We would go into a classroom for 15 minutes and do nothing. This class period was called home room. The teacher was supposed to inform us of changes that would be going on around the school, but they never would. We would sit there for 15 minutes of our life and basically do nothing. The teacher herself didn’t know what was going on. They also need to take away study hall, people didn’t do their homework during study hall. They would just sit there and talk, they wouldn’t even bring their books to study hall. Instead of getting study hall we should get more gym time. I mean, 45 minutes isn’t enough to actually exercise. By the time that we are done getting dressed we only have about 35 minutes left. Then the teachers instead of hurrying up the students, they’re over there having conversations with the other gym teachers . Then they take forever to take attendance. By then time they’re done explaining what were actually doing that day, we have like 25 minutes left of gym, not including the 5 minutes they give us at the end of the class period to get changed. 20 minutes is not enough time to run a gym class. We can’t exercise, sweat and take a shower in that little time and then the media complains that the students are obese. The method that some teachers have of teaching is absolutely awful. My Spanish teacher for native speakers was really nice and got along with everyone. All the students would talk so well about her, they would always say positive things about her. Probably because they never did anything while they were in her class. The only thing was that she was horrible at teaching. Well, it wasn’t that she was horrible at it, it was just that she wouldn’t teach anything. I remember she got sick and was out for three months. During that time we literally did not do anything. I remember that the substitute would just look at us and he would ask us what would we usually do, we would look at him, smile and answer â€Å"nothing†. Don’t ask why, but this was the second year that I had taken Spanish class with her, so when she came back she told us that most of us had been with her for two years so she would give us a grade based on what we had gotten the year before. I took that class to improve my writing in Spanish, to learn the proper grammar, but I did not achieve any of that. The English teachers weren’t as bad as the Spanish teacher, but we still didn’t accomplish much. The only time that I remember writing an essay in high school was junior year. Maybe it had to do with the school that I was in. My junior year of high school I went to Belvidere High School instead of Elgin High School. In Belvidere High the teachers were a little more strict, at least that’s what I thought. Until I found out that the only teacher that had ever assigned me to do an essay had been with one of the students. I was completely shocked because she had always been very professional about her job. Even though there’s a lot of negatives things with the high school that I went to, I still enjoyed every minute of it. I got to meet new people and experience new things. Sure my high school wasn’t the best, but I am still thankful that I received a basic education. The only thing that I do regret is not going to prom. I told myself that if no one asked me to prom that I wouldn’t go. Nobody ended up asking me so I didn’t go. I lost the chance to experience something that you only get to experience once in your life. So enjoy your high school while you can because once you are out, there is no turning back.

Should The Harris Superquarry Go Ahead? :: essays research papers

Should The Harris Superquarry Go Ahead? TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF THE SUPERQUARRY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 1 SUMMARY There is considerable environmental opposition to the development of the Harris superquarry. This is unlikely to stop the development on its own, but if the Scottish Office decides that the project can go ahead environmental restrictions are likely to be imposed on the operation to minimise, as far as possible, the impact. The reasons for the development centre round the need for economic development to bring jobs and prosperity to this remote area. The life of the quarry is expected to be around 60 years and provide an initial 30 jobs, rising to 80 as the quarry reaches peak production. The question is if a superquarry is the best solution to the problems of a remote rural area. What will happen when the jobs come to an end and would another form of investment not be more appropriate to their needs? Would the presence of a quarry restrict the choice for further development? Could an integrated approach be adopted and a 2nd generation quarry planned? The decision of whether or not to go ahead cannot be delayed indefinitely as Norway and Spain are looking at developing their own. If it is to go ahead then an early start will give Harris a stronger position in the market. 2 INTRODUCTION This report examines the controversy and key issues surrounding the superquarry at Rodel, Lingerbay on the southern coast of the Isle of Harris (Figure 1) and attempts to find an acceptable solution. The quarry will hollow out the heart of the mountain but leave enough of a shell to leave the skyline largely unaffected. The whole question of whether or not it should go ahead or not is the subject of the current public enquiry in Stornaway. A decision must be made soon. The market for aggregates is limited, Norway and Spain (Section 3.1, 1991) have their own sites and are also looking at the potential for developing them. FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF THE SUPERQUARRY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Glasgow Herald, 20/10/94) 3 THE ISSUES SURROUNDING THE DEBATE 3.1 History 1927  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A detailed geological survey identified the deposit of anorthosite. 1965  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Planning permission was given in principle to quarry the rock. The remit covered a larger site than is planned today. 1966  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some small scale quarrying took place but found an on site rock crushing plant and a deep harbour were necessary for economic viability. 74-76  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Outline planning permission was given for quarrying, shipping and loading facilities but this was never acted on. 1977  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Scottish Office issued National Planning Guidelines. Harris was identified as one of 9 potential sites. (The Scotsman 18/7/93)

African Corruption Essay

This study intends to clearly show the extent to which Africa and Africans have been suffering from the ravages of corruption, fraud, and intentional mismanagement by their governments and their leaders, much to the disappointment and anger of the people. The impact of corruption on the lives of the people, the businesses, and the economy of any of the nations concerned has been studied by a number of authors, scholars, and worldwide institutions such as the World Bank, the IMF, and even donors (highly industrialized nations). Although Africa has a large share of the worlds raw material and mineral resources, African nations are by far the least developed and the poorest countries in the world. Robert Harris, in his book, Political Corruption In and Beyond the Nation State, (1990, p. 29,) introduced three themes. First, political corruption is an illegitimate extension of normal political activity. In trying to understand the central issue of corruption, one needs to understand the complex and intricate nature of corruption. If we ask, what is â€Å"corruption†? The American Heritage English Language Dictionary (Pickett, 2000) defines corruption as â€Å"the art or process of corruption, the state of being corrupt, decay, and rot.† As indicated above, corruption comes in many forms. In the least developed countries (LDC’s) such as Africa, all types of corruption are prevalent. The following brief case histories of these three companies will present the magnitude of the scandals, corruption, and deceit these companies perpetrated on the unsuspecting public and their business partners. Other countries of the world have similar problems of corruption, fraud, and mismanagement. From time to time, stories appear about the corruption trial of a government official, a banker, or corporate head in other parts of the world. Doing Business in Africa and Other Non-Industrialized Nations, the basic tenets of the guiding principles are that corruption, dishonesty, and unethical behavior among public officials represent serious threats to the basic principles and values of government, undermining public confidence in democracy and threatening to erode the rule of law. The aim of these guiding principles is to promote public trust in the integrity of officials within the public sector by preventing, detecting, and prosecuting or sanctioning official corruption and unlawful dishonest or unethical behavior. Monsanto Co.: Settled an SEC complaint in January alleging that the company funneled more than $700,000 in corrupt payments to Indonesian government officials between 1997 and 2002. ExonMobil, Chevron Texaco, Marathon Oil, Devon Energy, and Amerada Hess, as well as several other oil companies: These reportedly are involved in SEC investigations into bribes allegedly paid to government officials in Equatorial Guinea. Public perception of police corruption stems mainly from instances where the public has come face to face with the vice as they interact with police in their discharge of duty. My personal experience also left me with no doubt that police corruption in South Africa was daunting task for the new democratic government of South Africa. While police brutality in Kenya is much less compared to that of the apartheid South Africa, the police corruption in Kenya is much more widespread and open. Corruption in the police force takes various forms and in various degrees of sophistication. Corruption in Kenya and more particularly among the police has reached unprecedented levels. Thieves have been set free from police cells because of corruption. The ministry of public works: This is the second most corrupt institution in Kenya. Finding found that this is the Ministry that has the highest rent corruption in Kenya. A large population of the Kenyan people expressed disgust at the corruption in this ministry. The corruption at the ministry of public works is more sophisticated than meets the eye. It is also in charge of construction of government residential houses and offices. The ministry houses the largest number of government employed Engineers, professionals, and Architects. It is actually a key ministry in any government.   Millions of shillings are spent in purchasing goods and services for the government. There was no good will from the establishment to deal with cases of corruption. Where genuine outside companies have been awarded contracts, big bribes were paid to the committee before the award. In one case a contractor has given a job to put up some government circles. The author discovered that this was done just to get free money as penalties from the government. The poor jobs that we have seen on our roads are a result of corruption. This makes the land law in Kenya, one of the most complicated land systems in the world. The Crown Lands Ordinance (Cap. 280) passed in 1915 defined crown land as â€Å"All public land including all land occupied by the native tribes of the protectorate and all land reserved for the use of the members of any native tribe.† All the land rights of the natives were ignored. After all and without exception, African customs recognized land rights. African communities saw land as a gift of God to every individual. That has been the root cause of land problems in this country. Nowhere in Africa is land such expensive commodity as it is in Kenya. A Kenyan who has no land will always work hard to buy himself land. Land and Corruption in Africa The Ministry of Lands is one of the most corrupt institutions in this country. Land Cartels Land allocations, is the biggest single activity that goes on at the Lands office, Nairobi. Here, the people of Kenya will spend as much time and spend as much money, to ensure that they have been allocated land. Income tax department: African Revenue Authority is the main government agency for collecting all government revenue. No government can run on its own without taxes. Money collected from taxes is what the government uses to provide public services like Education, Health, Infrastructure, security and policing, a forestation, public service employment, defence and many others. (Transparency International Report, 2006) You cannot tax people so highly and yet fail to provide services. Over Kenya Shillings 250 billion taxes, (Transparency International Report, 2006), are collected annually by the Kenya Revenue Authority. The African revenue authority has some of the best professionals in the public service. Corruption at the African Revenue Authority is a matter of great concern. There is corruption in the organization both corporate and individual taxpayers. With the present economic situation most business people are stressed out and depressed. Research revealed that there is massive corruption in the import and export sector. Tax evasion is very high in this sector and the government loses millions of shillings through fraud and tax evasion. It was found that tax officers collude with importers and exporters to avoid tax and deny the government the badly needed revenue. This area has provided a good breeding ground for corruption in the income tax department. Officers in the Revenue Authority come across these businesses every day. The government is losing a lot of revenue by leaving these sectors out.

Guidelines For Assignment

Define Organizational Culture What Is meant by Organizational Culture? Characteristics of Organizational Culture ? Positive (good) and Negative (bad) Provide relevant examples Research can be done by referring to similar researches that were conducted previously. The sources of references can be obtained from books, Journals, magazines or newspapers. Related research materials such as graphs, charts or pictures can also be used to support a statement. Students are also encouraged to give their opinions and their own understanding of the research topic.Provide examples of outcomes from previous researches (done by another searcher) regarding topics that are similar or almost similar. – relationship between Organizational Culture and the success or failure of an organization. Gather the information needed from books, magazines, newspapers or Journals relevant to the topic being discussed. From the gathered information, identify how elements of Organizational Culture affect the s uccess or failure of an organization. Provide examples. 1 State the outcome of the research based on the gathered Information.Relate between the theories learned with the real situation. Is It true Organizational Culture Is a factor that determines the success and failure of an organization? Yes or No Provide a conclusion from the overall research and give your suggestions for the development of a better Organizational Culture to enhance the success of the organization. Format for preparing the assignment: Paper Use Ã'›white-bond† quality paper Paper size : AAA (210 mm x 297 mm) Paper weight : 80 MGM Method of typing The text should be typed on one side of the page only.For text : black-colored ribbon or ink cartridge that produces an even black color. For diagrams, tables and charts : black or colored ink. Line Spacing For text : double-spacing For references (refer vii), appendices and tables: single-spacing Font Times New Roman Size: 12 2 Margin Left margin : at least 4. 0 CM (1. 5†³) Top, bottom and right margin : 2. 5 CM (1. 0†³) Section New major sections must begin on a new page. A new paragraph must begin with a Ã'›tab† from the left margin. V) Page numbering Excerpts, references, appendices and tables a) In the text.If an excerpt is taken from a reference material, the reference must be stated. Ex : Stoner and Yankee define strategy as, â€Å"†¦ The broad program for defining and achieving an organization†s objectives; the organization†s response to its environment over time. † (Stoner and Yankee, 1986) b) List of References At the end of the assignments, all references or bibliography must be stated in alphabetical order according to the name of the author. Book:Name of author.

Free Essays on Media Literacy

Despite numerous attempts to introduce a formal media education policy into all U.S. Public schools, is has not been officially accepted as a part of the general curriculum. Only handfuls of school across the country offer the option to choose courses in media literacy, and choosing the course in the first place is the students discretion. However, media education policies have been extremely effective in countries such as Norway, and our neighbors to the North, Canada. One fundamental difference as to why media literacy policies and education programs have been in effect in those countries and not the United States is because the United states has a decentralized education system; Norway and Canada both have centralized systems. Change of curricula comes about much easier in the centralized systems, while it is much more difficult in decentralized school systems. The policy in Canada requires that 30% of all high school students language arts credits be taken in the subject of Media Literacy and Education. However, New Mexico was one of the first states to implement a mandatory media literacy requirement. The New Mexico Media Literacy Project, or NMMLP, was created in 1993 as an outreach of Alberquerque Academy, one of the best private schools (grades 6-12) in the United States. The program that they have developed is used by thousands of schools across several states, with their main goal being â€Å"†¦ to make New Mexico the most media literate state in the United States, and to spread the NMMLP model of grassroots, action-oriented media literacy education to other states.† The NMMLP provides in-service training for public and private school teachers, counselors, principals and administrators. They also hold four-day workshops three to four times a year. The American Association of Pediatrics has also released its suggested policy on children and media literacy. Published in PEDIATRICS Vol. 108 No. 5, November 2001, pp. 1222-12... Free Essays on Media Literacy Free Essays on Media Literacy Despite numerous attempts to introduce a formal media education policy into all U.S. Public schools, is has not been officially accepted as a part of the general curriculum. Only handfuls of school across the country offer the option to choose courses in media literacy, and choosing the course in the first place is the students discretion. However, media education policies have been extremely effective in countries such as Norway, and our neighbors to the North, Canada. One fundamental difference as to why media literacy policies and education programs have been in effect in those countries and not the United States is because the United states has a decentralized education system; Norway and Canada both have centralized systems. Change of curricula comes about much easier in the centralized systems, while it is much more difficult in decentralized school systems. The policy in Canada requires that 30% of all high school students language arts credits be taken in the subject of Media Literacy and Education. However, New Mexico was one of the first states to implement a mandatory media literacy requirement. The New Mexico Media Literacy Project, or NMMLP, was created in 1993 as an outreach of Alberquerque Academy, one of the best private schools (grades 6-12) in the United States. The program that they have developed is used by thousands of schools across several states, with their main goal being â€Å"†¦ to make New Mexico the most media literate state in the United States, and to spread the NMMLP model of grassroots, action-oriented media literacy education to other states.† The NMMLP provides in-service training for public and private school teachers, counselors, principals and administrators. They also hold four-day workshops three to four times a year. The American Association of Pediatrics has also released its suggested policy on children and media literacy. Published in PEDIATRICS Vol. 108 No. 5, November 2001, pp. 1222-12...

4 Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions

4 Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions Our immune system works continuously to keep us healthy and protect us against bacteria, viruses, and other germs. Sometimes, however, this system becomes too sensitive, causing hypersensitivity reactions that can be harmful or even deadly. These reactions are the result of exposure to some type of foreign antigen either on or in the body. Hypersensitivity Reactions Key Takeaways Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated immune responses to allergens.There are four types of hypersensitivity reactions. Types I through III are mediated by antibodies, while type IV is mediated by T cell lymphocytes.Type I hypersensitivities involve IgE antibodies that initially sensitize an individual to an allergen and provoke a quick inflammatory response upon subsequent exposure. Allergies and hay fever are both type I.Type II hypersensitivities involve the binding of IgG and IgM antibodies to antigens on cell surfaces. This induces a cascade of events that leads to cell death. Hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of newborns are type II reactions.Type III hypersensitivities result from the formation of antigen-antibody complexes that settle on tissues and organs. In an attempt to remove these complexes, underlying tissue is also damaged. Serum sickness and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of type III reactions.Type IV hypersensitivities are regulated by T cells and are delayed reactions to antigens associated with cells. Tuberculin reactions, chronic asthma, and contact dermatitis are examples of type IV reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four major types: type I, type II, type III, and type IV. Type I, II, and III reactions are the result of antibody actions, while type IV reactions involve T cell lymphocytes and cell-mediated immune responses. Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions This image is depicting hay fever showing pollen grains (yellow) entering the nasal cavity (left) of a hay fever sufferer. The symptoms are caused by a massive release of the chemical histamine in the body in response to the pollen. Claus Lunau/Science Photo Library/Getty Images Type I hypersensitivities are immune reactions to allergens. Allergens can be anything (pollen, mold, peanuts, medicine, etc.) that triggers an allergic reaction in some individuals. These same allergens do not normally cause problems in most individuals. Type I reactions involve two types of white blood cells (mast cells and basophils), as well as immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Upon the initial exposure to an allergen, the immune system produces IgE antibodies which bind to the cell membranes of mast cells and basophils. The antibodies are specific to a particular allergen and serve to detect the allergen upon subsequent exposure. A second exposure results in a rapid immune response as IgE antibodies attached to mast cells and basophils bind allergens and initiate degranulation in the white blood cells. During degranulation, mast cells or basophils release granules that contain inflammatory molecules. The actions of such molecules (heparin, histamine, and serotonin) result in allergy symptoms: runny nose, watery eyes, hives, coughing, and wheezing. Allergies can range from mild hay fever to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a serious condition, resulting from inflammation caused by histamine release, that impacts the respiratory and circulatory systems. The systemic inflammation results in low blood pressure and blockage of air passages due to swelling of the throat and tongue. Death may occur quickly if not treated with epinephrine. Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions This image shows type A blood (A antigen) that was agglutinated (clumped) by mixing the blood with a serum containing anti-A antibody. An antigen-antibody reaction agglutinated the red blood cells forming a large clump. Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images Type II hypersensitivities, also called cytotoxic hypersensitivities, are the result of antibody (IgG and IgM) interactions with body cells and tissues that lead to cell destruction. Once bound to a cell, the antibody initiates a cascade of events, known as complement, that causes inflammation and cell lysis. Two common type II hypersensitivities are hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of newborns. Hemolytic transfusion reactions involve blood transfusions with incompatible blood types. ABO blood groups are determined by the antigens on red blood cell surfaces and the antibodies present in blood plasma. A person with blood type A has A antigens on blood cells and B antibodies in blood plasma. Those with blood type B have B antigens and A antibodies. If an individual with type A blood were given a blood transfusion with type B blood, the B antibodies in the recipients plasma would bind to the B antigens on the red blood cells of the transfused blood. The B antibodies would cause the type B blood cells to clump together (agglutinate) and lyse, destroying the cells. Cell fragments from the dead cells could obstruct blood vessels leading to damage of the kidneys, lungs, and even death. Hemolytic disease of newborns is another type II hypersensitivity that involves red blood cells. In addition to A and B antigens, red blood cells may also have Rh antigens on their surfaces. If Rh antigens are present on the cell, the cell is Rh positive (Rh). If not, it is Rh negative (Rh-). Similar to ABO transfusions, incompatible transfusions with Rh factor antigens can lead to hemolytic transfusion reactions. Should Rh factor incompatibilities occur between mother and child, hemolytic disease could occur in subsequent pregnancies. In the case of an Rh- mother with an Rh child, exposure to the childs blood during the final trimester of pregnancy or during childbirth would induce an immune response in the mother. The mothers immune system would build up antibodies against the Rh antigens. If the mother became pregnant again and the second child was Rh, the mothers antibodies would bind to the babies Rh red blood cells causing them to lyse. To prevent hemolytic disease from occurring, Rh- mothers are given Rhogam injections to stop the development of antibodies against the blood of the Rh fetus. Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints. This colored X-ray shows the hands of an 81 year old female patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Credit: Science Photo Library/Getty Images Type III hypersensitivities are caused by the formation of immune complexes in body tissues. Immune complexes are masses of antigens with antibodies bound to them. These antigen-antibody complexes contain greater antibody (IgG) concentrations than antigen concentrations. The small complexes can settle on tissue surfaces, where they trigger inflammatory responses. The location and size of these complexes make it difficult for phagocytic cells, like macrophages, to remove them by phagocytosis. Instead, the antigen-antibody complexes are exposed to enzymes that break down the complexes but also damage underlying tissue in the process. Immune responses to antigens of type III hypersensitivities are serum sickness (systemic inflammation caused by immune complex deposits), lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions Contact dermatitis is a type IV hypersensitivity that results in severe skin rash. Smith Collection/Stone/Getty Images Type IV hypersensitivities do not involve antibody actions but rather T cell lymphocyte activity. These cells are involved in cell mediated immunity, a response to body cells that have become infected or carry foreign antigens. Type IV reactions are delayed reactions, as it takes some time for a response to occur. Exposure to a particular antigen on the skin or an inhaled antigen induces T cell responses that result in the production of memory T cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the antigen, memory cells induce a quicker and more forceful immune response involving macrophage activation. It is the macrophage response that damages body tissues. Type IV hypersensitivities that impact the skin include tuberculin reactions (tuberculosis skin test) and allergic reactions to latex. Chronic asthma is an example of a type IV hypersensitivity resulting from inhaled allergens. Some type IV hypersensitivities involve antigens that are associated with cells. Cytotoxic T cells are involved in these types of reactions and cause apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cells with the identified antigen. Examples of these types of hypersensitivity reactions include poison ivy induced contact dermatitis and transplant tissue rejection. Sources Hypersensitivity Reactions. Microbiology and Immunology Online.Parker, Nina, et al. Microbiology. OpenStax, Rice University, 2017.

The reasons why the British, from Parliament to the Expeditionary Essay

The reasons why the British, from Parliament to the Expeditionary Forces, were defeated by a less trained and weaker American army in the American Revolutionary - Essay Example How could a group of colonies spread out over a vast region with no central government or treasury and an army that was inadequately trained and equipped possibly defeat the British who were the most powerful military force at that time? Britain had ruled over the thirteen colonies in America for more than 200 years prior to the Revolution. By the beginning of the Revolution, the wars against France fought on both sides of the Atlantic had burdened Britain with a massive national debt. To ease the national debt, Parliament imposed taxes on the colonists believing it only fair that they bear part of the expenses incurred by the British military in protecting them from Indian attacks and French invasions. The Stamp Act taxed paper goods sent to the colonies. It was the first of these laws while, with the tea tax, was one of the most infamous of these laws. The colonists thought taxation without representation in the British government to be unjust and openly protested these laws which led to hostilities between British troops and the Massachusetts Minutemen in 1775. This and other conflicts with the ‘Red Coats’ led to colonists forming the Continental Congress which immediately created the Continental Arm y and in 1776, signed the Declaration of Independence (The American Revolution, 2006). The Americans, outmatched by more than three-to-one, were predictably defeated in the majority of battles that occurred during the war’s first year. However, the Americans’ fortune began to change following the victories at Saratoga and Germantown in 1777. These important first triumphs gave increased credibility to what had previously been widely considered as an unorganized, minor uprising certain to be vanquished by the mighty British army. By 1778, France had become convinced that Britain stood the chance of being defeated. Wanting nothing more than this,

Cooperative Learning (Grade 1 to Grade 12) Essay

Cooperative Learning (Grade 1 to Grade 12) - Essay Example Cooperative efforts this way result in participants striving for mutual benefits so that all the members are gaining by the work of every individual. It also helps to inculcate a sense of responsibility among individuals because they know their work and contribution will affect the outcome that is important for all the members. The group members also know that all of them will share the same fate no matter how they work, therefore they work intently and encourage others in the group to work in the same way. Last but not the least, celebration after the successful completion of the task is also mutual and everyone soul from the group is happy and proud of themselves. Group activities also help in the refining of the outcomes of the tasks because there is shared knowledge, expertise and hard work that everyone is putting in. Obviously not everyone has all the knowledge in the world. In cooperative learning situations there is a positive interdependence among students' goal attainments; students perceive that they can reach their learning goals if and only if the other students in the learning group also reach their goals (Deutsch, 1962; Johnson & Johnson, 1989). Learning goals may be structured to promote coo... e reason being that in today's world, individuals are expected to work together in teams for the accomplishment of tasks which is a tedious job if one doesn't possess the qualities required to work in groups with each other. However, competitive situations are present in which individuals work against each other to achieve one particular goal that only one or few of them can attain. In competition there is a negative interdependence among goal achievements; students perceive that they can obtain their goals if and only if the other students in the class fail to obtain their goals (Deutsch, 1962; Johnson & Johnson, 1989). The presence of competitive situation is equally important in this world. However, the disadvantage is that either they work too hard to beat their class mates or they don't work at all thinking that they don't stand a chance. Elements of Cooperative Learning The essential components of cooperation are positive interdependence, face to face promotive interaction, individual and group accountability, interpersonal and small group skills and group processing (Johnson, Johnson, & Holubec, 1993). It is under certain conditions that should be present for cooperative learning to be more effective than individualistic and competitive learning. Positive interdependence is when every individual possesses some unique ability or knowledge that contributes in the outcome of the task and the efforts are required and indispensible for the group success. Face to face interaction involves orally presenting and promoting ones ideas to everyone in the group, teaching current knowledge to everyone and discussing the concepts that are being learned so that they can be effectively applied by every individual present in the group. Group accountability should be present

Juvinile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Juvinile - Essay Example These people are taken to regular courts and if need be are jailed after justice has been reached as per the rules of the land. On the other hand, if the offender is below 18 years of age, a different set of rules apply. These persons are tried under juvenile law where the goal is to rehabilitate rather than punish the minors for crimes done. This will be the focus of this discussion and this paper will look at various issues as pertains to a juvenile case The People v. Eric S. Considering juvenile case number A125758 of the people as the plaintiff and Eric S. as the defendant/appellant, there are a number of issues that arise. This case arose when the appellant, 17 year old Eric together with his two teenage companions attacked a 44 year old man. During the attack, the appellant hit the victim in the head with a two by four resulting in severe injuries. These injuries included a gash in the head that required seven staples, a fractured cheekbone resulting to swelling of the face, a contusion on his right forearm and a sprained knee and torn ligaments (Justia US Law, 2). In addition to this, the victim suffered a black eye and severe swelling of the knee and forearm. Being a member of the Kaiser family foundation, the victim received extensive medical treatment at a Kaiser facility. After the court hearing, the appellant was declared a ward of the juvenile court when he admitted to a felony assault count of using force likely to cause great bodily injury. The decision of the court was to release him but put him on home probation under a number of conditions (Justia US Law, 2). In addition to these conditions, he was required to pay direct victim restitution. In the restitution hearing, the district attorney asked the court to include the cost of the victim’s treatment at the Kaiser Foundation. This amounted to $51,270.06 which included $48, 619.90 for the cost incurred at the Kaiser Family plus an additional $2,650.16 for out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the victim. According to People v. Duong (2010) 180 Cal.App.4th 1533 (Duong), the court held that victim restitution ordered against adult offenders under Penal Code section 1202.4 may include amounts billed for medical services provided by a health maintenance organization (Findlaw, 5).As a result of this decision, there were a number of legal questions that arose, first of all, the question of having to pay for the cost of all the treatment that the victim received at the Kaiser Family Foundation. Would it not be fair enough if the appellant only covered the victim’s out of-pocket expenses? This is from reasoning that the victim was a member of the Kaiser HMO and thus would not have to pay for the medical services that he received from the institution. Another question that arose was the fact that direct restitution should be limited to the economic losses a victim occurs as a result of an attack and should not include medical expenses that the victim did not pay for per sonally. PART 2 In defense of the ordered restitution amount that was to include the medical care provided by the Kaiser Foundation, one critical question was answered by the case. This was the fact that ordering restitution for a victim in a juvenile case was to serve three functions which include, to rehabilitate the defender, to prevent future delinquent behavior and finally to make the victim whole by compensating him for the economic loss

A study of knowledge management leadership

A study of knowledge management leadership For the purpose of the assignment, the telecommunication industry was chosen from the services industry from Great Britain. Vodafone Group plc. (LSE: VOD, NASDAQ:  VOD), being a British multinational mobile network operator headquartered in Newbury, England has established prominent state within the business world. Vodafone is the worlds largest mobile telecommunication network company, and has a market value of about  £71.2 billion (November 2009). A multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational corporation (TNC), also called multinational enterprise (MNE), is a corporation or an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation. The first modern multinational corporation is generally thought to be the East India Company. It currently has operations in 31 countries and partner networks in a further 40 countries. It is the worlds second largest mobile phone operator behind China Mobile a nd over Telephonic based on subscribers, with over 427 million subscribers in 31 markets across 5 continents as of 2009. In the UK, its home ground, Vodafone has badly underperformed in the last few years due to brisk change in administration. It has slipped from first to third largest telecom operator generating revenue of  £4.9 billion from its 18.7 million customers in 2008-09. As of March 31, 2009, the company employs more than 79,000 people worldwide. The name Vodafone comes from voice data fone, chosen by the company to reflect the provision of voice and data services over mobile phones. (BBC, 2009) Vodafone has been working and operating within many countries and have created several opportunities of working with local companies. February 2010, Vodafone announced that it is bringing M-PESA, one of the worlds most successful mobile money transfer services, to South Africa, to be deployed by its subsidiary, Vodacom South Africa and its South African banking partner. With approximately 26 million people in South Africa without official bank accounts, M-PESA will enable millions of mobile phone subscribers who have access to a mobile phone, but do not have or have only limited access to a bank account, to send and receive money via their mobile phones. The M-PESA service was developed by Vodafone and has already been deployed by Safari com in Kenya, Vodacom in Tanzania and Roshan in Afghanistan (branded M-Paisa). More than 11 million registered customers now rely on their mobile phones for money transfer, airtime top-up and bill payments. Vodafone takes an unusual tack with success ful candidates. Vodafone feeds back information on how people performed into their development plans as no one is ever a 100 per cent fit. The assessment process is constantly re-evaluated, with employees being assessed regularly on their background and personality. It also tracks new hires on attrition, sickness absence, performance in training and performance in the job. The process clearly works. They recruit fewer people than before because there assessment process has had such a positive effect on both attrition and performance. Theres a key attrition measure in call centres at 13 weeks into the job. Its the first pinch-point. Theyve improved there dramatically by selecting the right people at the outset. There are several factors that influence the working of multinational companies such as market imperfections and international powers. For the company under consideration, the market imperfections are the possibility of not knowing the local laws, local customers or businesses. The international power factors could be tax exemption, market withdrawal, lobbying, patents and government powers. The SECI model (the acronym stands for Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) was first proposed in 1991 (Nonaka 1991), though was refined and expanded for a broader audience in the popular book The Knowledge Creating Company (Nonaka Takeuchi 1995). The SECI model met with broad acceptance, especially among management practitioners, due to its intuitive logic and clear delineation of knowledge types between tacit and explicit knowledge-utilising this knowledge delineation first espoused in management theory by Polanyi (1958). The core behavioural assumption in the model is that knowledge creating companies continually encourage the flow of knowledge between individuals and staff groups to improve both tacit and explicit knowledge stocks. Thus, knowledge value is created through synergies between knowledge holders (both individual and group) within a supportive and developmental organisational context. Figure (The Key Elements of the SECI Model, In the above diagram, the I, G, and O symbols represent individuals) group and organization In 1998 a third, more challenging, cultural assumption was added to the SECI discussion. Nonaka and Konno (1998) introduced the Japanese concept of Ba, a philosophical construct rooted in Japanese society that relates to the physical, relational and spiritual elements of place, or perhaps more expansively context. In the strategic management and organisational theory literatures, organisations are increasingly conceptualised in terms of their knowledge and capabilities (Poppo Zenger 1998), and less in terms of their physical and financial assets. Further, organisational alliances that draw together firms are being viewed as conduits for information and knowledge flows between organisations (Grant Baden-Fuller 2004). Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) sometimes referred to as multinational companies, are enterprises that control economic assets in other countries generally this means controlling at least a 10% share of such an asset. These companies command enormous financial resources, possess vast technical resources and have extensive global reach. In 2002, the most recent year for which full data are available, FDI made throughout the world totalled some $651bn. While most FDI goes to developed countries; for developing countries it is by far the largest source of external finance. The figures are striking: In 2002 $162bn in FDI went to developing countries. By comparison, official development assistance (ODA) amounts to some $58bn annually and remittances, another significant source of funds for poor countries, totalled $93bn in 2003. Above mentioned picture shows that Developed market multinationals gives more emphasis to Process Technology and Organizational Architecture. Their operating model is process technology driven and results were judged on the basis of performance metrics. They give very less importance to Leadership skills Inter-personal relationship between people however opposite is true for Emerging Market multinationals where more emphasis is given to Leadership Inter-personal relationship between people and less importance is given to process technology, organizational Architecture metrics. For Example: In the oil and gas industry, for instance, emerging-market NOCs do not seem to rely as systematically on the strict net-present-value metric that IOCs use in their decision-making process-which is consistent with a more-risk conscious leadership style. Rather than adopting this metric, NOCs change the game by creating deals that involve aid and infrastructure packages. This signals a market development mind-set as opposed to a market-exploitation mind-set. Knowledge Management plan: Overview Knowledge Management (or KM) refers to the processes and/or tools an organization uses to collect, analyse, store, and disseminate its intellectual capital. Besides deployment of appropriate technology and processes by a business enterprise in order to maintain and retain its intellectual capital, effective KM also refers to making optimum use of experience and understanding of organizational knowledge, in general. This includes a wide range of information artefacts, such as inherent knowledge-based documents (reports) available internally within the organization, as well as related information from the external resources. Definition A logical extension of this concept is into the entire organization, in the form of Enterprise Knowledge Management (EKM). Among the areas of greatest concern for the modern knowledge worker (from CIO down to the Content Manager), is identifying, collecting, securing and maintaining the information (aka knowledge base) of the organization. Without a process to ensure this systems usefulness, there are invariably holes which are only found when a user tries to obtain that (missing) information. As Intellectual Capital This intellectual capital can include training materials, processes, procedures, documents, ideas, skills, experiences, and much more. An effective Knowledge management plan allows a company to quickly and easily share this intellectual capital among the organization so it is available on-demand at any time it is needed. (EEC) KM Types KM can take many forms, depending on the purpose and requirements. The following is a partial list of related types of KM from which an organization may select one or many: Content Management Data Management Records Management Document Management Portal Online Education Information Architecture Knowledge Discovery Knowledge Retrieval KM Storage Methods of storing and sharing this intellectual capital include searchable knowledge bases, Learning Management Systems, other types of databases, enterprise portals, groupware tools, and email. KM Leadership Knowledge management leadership, in terms of position types and their associated titles, covers a broad category of positions and responsibilities. Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO), like any executive-level corporate leader, handles for enterprise-wide coordination of all KM-related issues and projects. Few corporations maintain a CKO or equivalent officer within their organization. More likely, this responsibility would fall either within the scope of the CIO or a director-level Knowledge Manager. Various categories within the lower-level Knowledge Management career field may be: Knowledge Analyst (Content Manager), Knowledge Engineer (Software Specialist), or, Knowledge Steward (Librarian). These are general career titles, since a specific taxonomy does not currently exist which applies to all organizations or positions within the emerging field of KM. Most of the challenges in knowledge management primarily stem from the types of knowledge reuse situations and purposes. Knowledge workers may produce knowledge that they themselves reuse while working. However, each knowledge re-use situation is unique in terms of requirements and context. Whenever these differences between the knowledge re-use situations are ignored, the organization faces various challenges in implementing its knowledge management practices. The Knowledge Management system enables employees to have ready access to the institutional documented base of facts, information sources and solutions. A typical claim justifying the creation of a KM system might run something like this: an engineer could know the mobile applications can help in transferring money to other countries without any security concerns. Sharing these informations widely could lead to more valuable money transfer plan leading to ideas for new or improved equipment. Following factors incorporate manag ement system such as Purpose: the Knowledge Management System depends upon explicit knowledge management objectives towards collaboration, effective practice and team work. Context: Knowledge is information that is significantly well thought-out, accumulated and embedded in a framework of creation and application. Processes: Knowledge Management System are always developed to sustain and extend knowledge-intensive processes, tasks or projects of e.g., designing, construction, identification, capturing, acquirement, variety, valuation, organization, linking, structuring, formalization, evolution, accessing, visualization, transfer, distribution, retention, maintenance, refinement, revision, retrieval and last but not least the application of knowledge, also called the knowledge life cycle (KLC). Participants: KMS designs are held to reflect that knowledge is developed collectively and that the distribution of knowledge leads to its continuous change, reconstruction and application in different contexts, by different participants with differing backgrounds and experiences. Although this is not necessarily the case. Employees can engage in recreation the roles of active, involved participants in knowledge networks and communities fostered by Knowledge Management System. Instruments: KMS support KM instruments, e.g., the capture, creation and sharing of the modifiable aspects of practice, skill management systems, collaborative filtering and handling of interests used to hook up people, the creation and fostering of communities or knowledge networks, the creation of corporate knowledge directories, taxonomies or ontologies, expertise locators. KM systems are being used within many transnational organizations with many success stories. The advantages claimed by the KM systems are: Sharing valuable institutional information throughout organizational hierarchy: Knowledge and information sharing are regarded as means to use resources more effectively in order to reduce costs and gain a competitive advantage (cf. Chuang, 2004; Johannessen and Olsen, 2003; Ringel-Bickelmaier, 2000; North, 2005). As a common feature, all international organizations work within the restraint of a tight regular budget that needs to be managed as effectively and ef ¬Ã‚ ciently as possible. Almost all international organizations have accordingly installed controlling systems or rede ¬Ã‚ ned their tasks as business cases. It includes creating plans such as helping in identifying, create, capture and share knowledge systematically in order to assist working smarter rather than harder. Modern strategies for improved reputation advertising capabilities and getting resource returns for further enhance development agenda; Widened pool of targeted knowledge makes organizational learning more strategic as Efficiency gains though improved results. Through the systematic system, the companies can avoid re-discovering the wheel, reducing outmoded work as well as committing same mistake again and again. It helps the businesses to improve the cost; time spent as well the better risk management. May lessen new employees training time. After the employee leaves, retention of Intellectual Property if knowledge can be codified. Knowledge sharing behaviours and facilitate knowledge transfer This study aims to examine the factors affecting knowledge sharing behavior in knowledge-based communities because quantity and quality of knowledge shared among the members play a critical role in the communitys sustainability. Past research has suggested three perspectives that may affect the quantity and quality of knowledge shared: economics, social psychology, and social ecology. In this study, we strongly believe that an economic perspective may be suitable to validate factors influencing newly registered members, knowledge contribution at the beginning of relationship development. Accordingly, this study proposes a model to validate the factors influencing members knowledge sharing based on Transaction Cost Theory. By doing so, we may empirically test our hypotheses in various types of communities to determine the generalizability of our research models. Benefits to sharing knowledge include: Enhancement of effectiveness and efficiency by spreading good ideas and practices. Cost effectiveness knowledge is developed and then re-used by many people. Time savings Professionals learn from their mistakes and those of others. Emotional relief and decreased tension are experienced when problems are shared. Bonds and connections between professionals are strengthened; solving problems brings people together. More sophisticated ideas, insights and information sources are applied to problems resulting in better solutions. Innovation and discovery increase as does: excitement, engagement and motivation. A feeling of satisfaction from sharing knowledge, much like giving charity, results from making a contribution to society. Respectful ways of using knowledge with attribution and permission benefit the person who generates the knowledge and the person who shares it. Management Development plan Management Development is the process by which managers learn and improve their expertise not only to benefit themselves but also their employing organisations. There are various approaches to management development programmes such as follow. Mentoring Mentoring is to support and encourage people to manage their own learning in order that they may maximise their potential, develop their skills, improve their performance and become the person they want to be.  Eric Parsloe, the Oxford School of Coaching. Mentoring is a technique for allowing the transmission of knowledge, skills and experience in a supportive and challenging environment much like coaching. The same skills of inquiring, listening, clarifying, reframing and many of the same models are used. Mentoring can also work as a way of inducting employees, as a form of employees development across departments and as a means of simple skills transfer. However, mentoring relationships can be much more long term, for example in a sequence planning scenario a regional finance director might be mentored by a group level counterpart where they might learn the basics of dealing with the boardroom, presenting to analysts, challenging departmental budgets, etc. all in a supportive environment. This is particularly productive when there is a gender or ethnic dimension to the relationship. An effective mentoring liaison is a learning opportunity for both parties.  Mentoring relationships work best when they move beyond the directive appr oach of a senior colleague telling it how it is, to one where both learn from each other. Management Coaching and Development The challenge of maintaining competitive advantage, delivering growth plans, restructuring and downsizing has never been greater. Developing people to deliver to their maximum potential can mean the difference between success and failure. And successful organisations know that developing their people not only leads to increased business performance, but that it is also a key factor in staff engagement and retention. In tough times, organisations that axe development activity do so at their peril. Coaching Although there is a lack of agreement among coaching professionals about precise definitions, in this service company, Coaching as developing a persons skills and knowledge so that their job performance improves, hopefully leading to the achievement of organisational objectives. It targets high performance and improvement at work, although it may also have an impact on an individuals private life. It usually lasts for a short period and focuses on specific skills and goals. There are some generally agreed characteristics of coaching in organisations: It is essentially a non-directive form of development. Coaching assumes that the individual is psychologically well and does not require a clinical intervention. It provides people with feedback on both their strong point and their weaknesses. It is a skilled activity which should be delivered by trained people. It focuses on improving presentation and developing individuals skills. Personal issues may be discussed but the emphasis is on performance at work. Coaching activities have both organisational and individual goals. Job rotation Job design  technique  in which  employees  are moved between two or more  jobs  in a planned manner. In Vodafone the objective  is to expose the employees to different experiences  and wider variety of  skills  to enhance  job satisfaction  and to cross-train them. Job rotation is a great way to discover your strength and interest in different areas of the Vodafone. On the job training This will be for the assistants who join fresh to help managers. A mapping procedure will be followed by the HR, to place the new assistant with a manager that has expertise in the field that the assistant aspires to enhance his/her skills. This will help reduce the training cost of the company and help the fresher become confident and be integral to the company Business Workflow Analysis In Vodafone Company the workflows is to diagram the way that a company works in an easy-to-read format. This chart allows managers to assess the way the company is performing and determine how productive its methods are. Flaws in the process where time or resources are wasted can often be identified quickly in format of a  workflow. These issues can then be addressed by preparing a new, more efficient business  workflow  to demonstrate the changes that need to be made. Upward feedback In leadership development and management development, upward feedback (also known as manager feedback and subordinate appraisal) is a structured process of delivering feedback from subordinates to managers, intended to identify ways to increase management effectiveness and enhance organizational performance.   Supervisory training This training provides an opportunity to learn about the transition to leadership so that new managers and supervisors can be more successful in their new role. For more experienced managers and supervisors, the training offers an opportunity to reflect on the style they have adopted in performing their duties, and it shows where they can make improvements. This is particularly true for those who have come up through the ranks over the years and now face a very different workforce, workload, and set of community expectations. This training is intended to help you better understand your role and provide strategies to enhance your effectiveness as a leader. Management Development Theories: The human relations and human factors approaches were absorbed into a broad behavioural science movement in the 1950s and 1960s. This period produced some influential theories on the motivation of human performance. For example, Maslows hierarchy of needs provided an individual focus on the reasons why people work. He argued that people satisfied an ascending series of needs from survival, through security to eventual self-actualization. In the same period, concepts of job design such as job enrichment and job enlargement were investigated. It was felt that people would give more to an organization if they gained satisfaction from their jobs. Jobs should be designed to be interesting and challenging to gain the commitment of workers a central theme of HRM. Scientific Management Theory (1890-1940) At the turn of the century, the most notable organizations were large and industrialized. Often they included on going, routine tasks that manufactured a variety of products. The United States highly prized scientific and technical matters, including careful measurement and specification of activities and results. Management tended to be the same. Frederick Taylor developed the :scientific management theory which espoused this careful specification and measurement of all organizational tasks. Tasks were standardized as much as possible. Workers were rewarded and punished. This approach appeared to work well for organizations with assembly lines and other mechanistic, routinized activities. Bureaucratic Management Theory (1930-1950) Max Weber embellished the scientific management theory with his bureaucratic theory. Weber focused on dividing organizations into hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control. He suggested organizations develop comprehensive and detailed standard operating procedures for all routinized tasks. Human Relations Movement (1930-today) Eventually, unions and government regulations reacted to the rather dehumanizing effects of these theories. More attention was given to individuals and their unique capabilities in the organization. A major belief included that the organization would prosper if its workers prospered as well. Human Resource departments were added to organizations. The behavioural sciences played a strong role in helping to understand the needs of workers and how the needs of the organization and its workers could be better aligned. Various new theories were spawned, many based on the behavioural sciences (some had name like theory X, Y and Z). Points to consider *. What is the value of theory? Specifically, what is the value of a theory that has gone out of fashion? Most theories are not entirely new they adapt or develop older concepts as a result of perceived inadequacies in the originals. Management thinking is like an incoming tide: each wave comes further up the beach, then retreats, leaving a little behind to be overtaken by the next wave. You can also consider the limitations of common sense and the fact that most problems have been experienced already, in some form, by someone else. We can learn from that wider experience, whereas common sense is essentially individual. Conclusion: The SECI models help the business to improve the business turnout through traditional strategies such as emotional and regional factors. The Vodafone are employing all these strategies in order to strengthen their roots within those communities through the theses money transfer campaigns and employing people from those countries to introduce the desired factors within Knowledge system. Also thorough the management development schemes, Vodafone are getting the best out of them by educating and empowering them with the modern techniques. Nonaka, I Takeuchi, H 1995, The knowledge creating company. How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation, Oxford University Press, New York. Nonaka, I 1991, The Knowledge Creating Company, Harvard Business Review, (November-December), pp. 96-104. Nonaka, I, Toyama, R Konno, N 2001, SECI, Ba and Leadership: a Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation, in I Nonaka DJ Teece (eds.), Managing Industrial Knowledge: Creation, Transfer and Utilization, Sage, London, pp. 1-43. Poppo, L Zenger, T 1998, Testing alternative theories of the firm: transaction cost, knowledge-based, and measurement explanations for make-or-buy decisions in information services, Strategic Management Journal, 19 (9), pp. 853-877.